The issues to focus upon in this Forum is how might one evaluate a scientific area of importance to public policy where major conclusions are drawn not from confirmed measurement, but indirectly, from computer models. These models are usually admitted to be inexact by their formulators due to the multiple and complex phenomena that is being studied., and due to the massive and varied data that must be used. The data itself is subject to multiple controversies concerning accuracy, sufficiency, and interpretation. The models are, in some cases, admitted to include highly simplified parametrized representations due to the difficulty of obtaining correct and complete data sets of key parts of the world climate system. For example, our understanding of the physics of clouds is remarkably incomplete and their treatment within global climate models is necessarily simplified and, perhaps, incorrect.  Moreover, critics of climate model analyses make claims of sampling bias and dubious stat

Professors Instructions:
Some of the first questions we encounter have to do with what human geography is, what are geographic questions and how do geographers use maps. I think that by considering the following hypothetical situation you might be able to place these questions in a more tangible context. Imagine that you have the job of finding new CVS locations in town (just what we need - more CVS's!). What are some questions you might ask and geographic data sets that might help with this task.

Professors Instructions:

One could define policies that are objective or that don't favor one region over another as being fair; those that are subjective and appear to play favorites as unfair. As congress contemplates another gargantuan Covid-19 aid package, outside of some basic priorities such as help with workers health and cost of living, what are some ways that the money could be spent and why or why not would you consider this fair? For example, one thing under discussion is a huge infrastructure spending emphasis. One thing I have not heard discussed but could be is spending to reduce the impacts of climate change. What do you think? State at least one example and be sure to identify who this spending helps and what kind of development it is likely to promote.

Write an essay (with introduction and conclusion) on the suggested topic.
Your introduction should include the thesis statement - main idea of the paper (here is more detailed explanation - https://essayshark.com/blog/how-to-write-a-thesis-statement-to-make-it-clear/). Don't include any new information in the conclusion. It should  restate the thesis statement of the paper.
Support your ideas with relevant arguments and examples (in-text citations). List 2-3 sources in the references. Make sure you stick to a required formatting style. Get benefits of these sources citationmachine.net and easybib.com.
MLA format - https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_guide/mla_in_text_citations_the_basics.html

Food Action Project,

1)    After reading chapters 9 and 10 in the textbook,(attached) decide on a food action that you could take in your community sometime in the future to address a local food issue. Perhaps you will map local stores and/or restaurants that source their food locally, volunteer at a soup kitchen or community garden; plant bee-attracting flowering plants around your home (Join the Honey Haven project?); begin an assessment of the food security/insecurity of your community; create a plan to eat more seasonally where you live; volunteer at a food bank; learn how gardening is being promoted in your community and how you can get involved; volunteer at a farmers market; start, expand, or plan a food garden of your own; research and make a plan to start composting at your home; volunteer at a local school garden; or what idea do you have? Research your chosen project to create an ACTION. What information do you need? What steps will you need to take to

Examining the relationship between public art, place, and identity can inform our understanding of urban experience. Public art may be used to promote a citys image, as an attempt to revitalize neighborhoods, and as a means to strengthen existing notions of place identity. Geographers have become interested in these issues because they speak to the contexts in which the identities of places are contested and negotiated.
Select a neighborhood with significant public art (at least three pieces) and create a photo-essay that elaborates why the art pieces work so well (or dont) in that place.

Construct a map linking your piece of public art to other things in the community that you feel are associated with the art.
Write a short introduction to the photo-essay (~ 400 words).
There is to be no text on your photo-essay, but the images should answer the following
questions:

  History/ Context: The art from cool perspectives. Where is it located? How is it l

In 2019, the first modern world pandemic, Covid-19, purportedly began in a local Chinese wet market (where live animals are killed). The risk of pathogens jumping from animals to humans has always been there, the difference now is that diseases are likely to spring up in both urban and natural environments. We have created densely packed populations where we live alongside bats, rodents, pets, birds and other living things. The dense packings means that diseases such as Ebola, Sars, bird flu, Covid-19 spread quickly. Global urbanization means that infections are transmitted first to the large metropolitan areas, and then later to more rural locations. The 2019/20 Covid-19 pandemic mandated a global shut-down for the first time in modern history, with consequential changes in local areas. With sheltering in place many people gained an appreciation of their local areas with concomitant connections world-wide through social media and the Internet.

Write a 1000 word paper that answe

Throughout the semester you are responsible for answering four critical thinking questions related to topics covered in this course.  These questions are designed to make you think about the complexities of environmental issues.  You will be able to apply the knowledge you have gained from this course to form well thought out answers.  You will also be asked to provide your personal perspective on these issues. Your focus should be on supporting your answer as there is not a right or wrong answer to the question.

Each response is worth twenty points and is required to be a minimum of two pages, single-spaced typed (12 Arial font with 1-inch margins) not including name, heading, or question.  Each critical thinking question will be submitted via Canvas either saved as a .doc(x), .rtf, or .pdf. Please be aware that they are due before the beginning of class.  Also, come prepared to discuss your answers with the class.



Plastic pollution in

When we started this semester, I said there was going to be an event that made the news headlines, and then we watched the Covid19 develop in China. I remember when there were 450 cases and 22 deaths in China. Then it became a pandemic.

We have lived through a most remarkable semester that I am sure we will long remember. The corona virus pandemic of 2020 will be studied for the changes it brought to our societies.

As geographers, I want you to apply the knowledge you gained about systems interacting which other systems and write about how the virus will impact the future. Include these systems in your multi-page essay worth 100 points.



1)  Economy

2)  Food

3)  Health

4)  Energy

5) Climate

6) Travel

7) YOU

Give a history of pollution and where it comes from. How it can harm the planet and humans. Give history of when pollution started heavy in Los Angeles and how it progress from factories and cars to all kinds of other carbon in the air and where it comes from. A detailed history of the problem of pollution in Los Angeles.