The structure and evolution of the Bowland Basin and adjacent areas of Lancashire.

The structure and evolution of the Bowland Basin and adjacent areas of Lancashire.

The report should be based on your structural and stratigraphic analysis of the Preston and Clitheroe maps and should contain the maps, sections etc. that you have constructed,

The report should contain sections, sub-sections etc. All figures should be captioned. You should include a contents page, list of figures, reference list, etc.

An introduction to the stratigraphy of this part of northern England can be found in Woodcock & Strachan (2000). Geological History of Britain and Ireland.
Brenchley & Rawson (2006) The Geology of England & Wales (2nd Edition).

A General Scheme for the Description of a Geological Map. (2012-13)

Cross-Sections.
Choose the line (or lines) of section to illustrate the main structures of the area. Wherever possible sections should be drawn to true scale, ie, the vertical scale should be equal to the horizontal scale. In certain circumstances it may be necessary to exaggerate the vertical scale. Usually vertical exaggeration does not exceed times 2.5 or 3.

1) INTRODUCTION.
Briefly introduce the more important features (topographical and geological) of the area.
A geological sketch map may provide a useful summary.

2) SUCCESSION.

(a) Give the stratigraphical sequence, grouping the beds into series, and beginning with the oldest rocks. If possible give the thicknesses of the beds. On a Geological Survey Map it may be sufficient to reproduce and modify the succession tabulated on the map.

(b) Describe the distribution of outcrops, relating this, where possible, to the geological structure. Give the evidence for any unconformities which may be seen or inferred from the map.(Local sketch maps and sections may be found useful).

(c) Describe the form and character of any igneous rocks and/or mineral deposits.

(d) Refer to any superficial deposits present.

3) STRUCTURE.

Describe the structures seen in each series, beginning with the oldest:

(a) Regional Dip.
Give details of the direction and amount of regional dip and any important local variations.

(b) Folding.
Where the rocks are folded state:
i) the trend of the fold axes.
ii) the direction and amount of plunge.
iii) the symmetry of the folds.
iv) the age of folding

(c) Faulting.
Describe the more important faults with reference to:
i) the pattern of the faulting.
ii) the kind of faulting (normal, reverse, strike-slip)
iii) whether vertical or dipping (note the relationship to topography).
iv) direction and amount of throw.
v) relationship of faulting and folding.

(d) A simple sketch map showing the structural pattern may be found useful, though in simpler areas this information may appear in your introductory sketch map.

4) RELATIONSHIP OF TOPOGRAPHY TO GEOLOGY.

There may not be an obvious relationships between the topography and the underlying geology. However, if there is, you should describe:

(a) The morphology of the hills. Note the effects of resistant and more easily erodible beds.
(b) The relationship of the drainage pattern to the geology.

5) GEOLOGICAL HISTORY.

Summarise, as a series of notes or bullet points, the depositional sequence, including in the sequence periods of earth movement, igneous activity and erosion. The sequence should begin with the oldest events.
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